Database

AVIF is a next-generation image format based on the AV1 video codec, offering

Apache Avro data serialization system — a compact binary format with embedded schema, designed for data exchange, messaging, and long-term storage with schema evolution.

The BLEND file format — Blender's native project format storing complete 3D scenes with meshes, materials, animations, simulations, compositing, and full edit history.

BMP is a simple raster image format that stores pixel data with minimal or no

The Bzip2 compression format — block-sorting compressor using the Burrows-Wheeler transform for higher compression ratios than gzip at the cost of speed.

A plain-text tabular data format where each line represents a row and fields are separated by commas, serving as the universal interchange format for structured data.

DDS (DirectDraw Surface) is a texture container format designed for GPU-ready

The DEB package format — Debian and Ubuntu's software package format for installing, updating, and managing applications and libraries on Linux systems.

The DMG disk image format — Apple's native mountable container for macOS software distribution, with compression, encryption, and code signing support.

DNxHR is Avid's resolution-independent professional intermediate video codec, designed for multi-platform post-production editing and broadcast workflows.

The legacy binary file format used by Microsoft Word from 1997 through 2003, storing rich text documents in OLE2 compound file containers.

The modern Microsoft Word document format based on Open XML, storing text, formatting, images, and other content in a ZIP-compressed package of XML files.

A high-resolution audio encoding using 1-bit sigma-delta modulation at very high sample rates, originally developed for Super Audio CD (SACD) and favored by audiophiles.

The DWG file format — AutoCAD's proprietary binary format for 2D and 3D CAD drawings, the de facto standard in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC).

The DXF file format — AutoCAD's documented exchange format for sharing 2D and 3D CAD data across different applications without proprietary DWG constraints.

Environment variable configuration files — simple key-value files for storing application secrets and environment-specific settings, loaded at runtime.

EPS is a PostScript-based vector/raster file format historically used for

The open standard ebook format maintained by the W3C, packaging XHTML content, CSS styling, images, and metadata into a single ZIP archive for reflowable digital reading.

The EXE file format — Windows Portable Executable (PE) format for applications, DLLs, drivers, and services, covering structure, signing, security, and analysis.

OpenEXR is a high dynamic range image format developed by Industrial Light &

The FBX 3D interchange format — Autodesk's industry-standard format for transferring 3D models, animations, and scenes between DCC tools and game engines.

An open-source lossless audio compression format that reduces file size by 50-70% while preserving bit-perfect audio fidelity.

FLV is the legacy Flash Video container format that once dominated web video delivery through Adobe Flash Player, now obsolete but still encountered in archives.

GeoJSON geographic data format — a JSON-based format for encoding geographic features with geometry and properties, standardized as RFC 7946.

Animated GIF is the classic bitmap animation format using the GIF89a specification, supporting frame-based animation with palette-limited color and transparency.

GIF is a bitmap image format supporting up to 256 colors per frame, widely

The glTF and GLB 3D formats — Khronos Group's open standard for efficient 3D asset delivery on the web, in AR/VR, and across real-time rendering applications.

GraphQL schema definition language and query files — a typed API query language and schema system for defining data graphs and client-driven data fetching.

The GZIP compression format — the ubiquitous single-file compressor built on DEFLATE, essential for tar.gz archives, HTTP content encoding, and Unix/Linux workflows.

Hierarchical Data Format version 5 — a binary file format for storing large-scale numerical data, widely used in scientific computing, machine learning, and simulation.

HEIC/HEIF is a modern image container format using HEVC compression, adopted

The foundational markup language of the World Wide Web, defining the structure and content of web pages through elements, attributes, and a document object model.

iCalendar (.ics) event format — the universal standard (RFC 5545) for exchanging calendar events, scheduling, and time-based data between applications.

ICO is the image file format used for icons in Microsoft Windows, containing

INI configuration file format — a simple, flat key-value format organized by sections, used in legacy Windows applications and many Unix-style config files.

The IPA file format — Apple's iOS application package containing compiled Mach-O binaries, resources, entitlements, and provisioning profiles for iPhone and iPad apps.

Jupyter Notebook format (.ipynb) — a JSON-based document format combining live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text in computational notebooks.

The ISO 9660 disk image format — the standard for optical disc images, OS installation media, and software distribution as mountable virtual discs.

JPEG is the most widely used lossy compressed image format, optimized for

JavaScript Object Notation — lightweight text-based data interchange format used nearly everywhere in web APIs, config files, and data storage.

JPEG XL is a next-generation image format designed as the universal successor

Apple's proprietary presentation format for Keynote, featuring cinematic animations, high-quality rendering, and tight integration with the Apple ecosystem.

A document preparation system and typesetting language built on Donald Knuth's TeX engine, the gold standard for academic papers, theses, and documents requiring precise mathematical notation.

Lottie is a JSON-based vector animation format created by Airbnb that renders After Effects animations natively on web, iOS, and Android at tiny file sizes.

HLS is Apple's adaptive bitrate streaming protocol using M3U8 playlists and segmented media files, the most widely deployed streaming technology for live and on-demand video.

An MPEG-4 container format for audio, typically holding AAC or Apple Lossless (ALAC) encoded content, widely used in the Apple ecosystem.

A lightweight plain-text markup language that uses intuitive punctuation-based syntax for formatting, widely used for documentation, README files, notes, and web content.

A protocol and file format that stores musical performance data (notes, timing, velocity) rather than audio, enabling instrument control and music composition.

MKV is an open, flexible multimedia container format that can hold virtually any combination of video, audio, subtitle, and metadata tracks in a single file.

Amazon's proprietary ebook formats for Kindle devices and apps, including MOBI (Mobipocket), AZW, and AZW3/KF8, supporting DRM-protected reflowable content.

MOV is Apple's QuickTime multimedia container format, widely used in professional video production on macOS and iOS, and the structural basis for the MP4 format.

The most widely adopted lossy audio compression format, balancing file size and audio quality for music distribution and playback.

MP4/M4V MPEG-4 container format supporting H.264/H.265 video, AAC audio, and subtitles — the dominant video format on the modern web and in consumer devices.

MPEG-DASH is the ISO-standard adaptive bitrate streaming protocol using MPD manifests and segmented media, widely used for DRM-protected and cross-platform video delivery.

MessagePack binary serialization — a compact, fast binary format that is like JSON but smaller and faster, used for caching, IPC, and network protocols.

MXF is the SMPTE-standardized professional container format for broadcast and post-production, designed for interoperable exchange of video, audio, and metadata between systems.

Newline-Delimited JSON — a text format with one JSON object per line, designed for streaming, logging, and processing large datasets line-by-line.

Apple's proprietary spreadsheet format for the Numbers application, featuring a canvas-based design with multiple tables per sheet, part of the iWork suite.

The OBJ 3D model format — a simple, human-readable text format for 3D geometry with broad support across modeling, rendering, and game development tools.

The open standard spreadsheet format from the OASIS OpenDocument Format (ODF) family, used by LibreOffice Calc, Apache OpenOffice, and other applications for spreadsheet documents.